Africa and Colonialism Essays

Africa and Colonialism Essays Africa and Colonialism Paper Africa and Colonialism Paper When we look at Africa for that past couple of years wee see Genocide in Rwanda and Darfur ,instability in Sierra Leone, lack of a government in Somalia, Civil War in Sudan , land grabbing and AIDS in Zimbabwe, Diamond and Oil wars in Angola, Crime in South Africa. . Not to mention the problems caused by foreign debt, and affected by international ignorance and exploitation. In this paper I will try to you asses the political economic legacy of colonialism in Africa. he legacy is substantially based on the fact that that the Europeans wanted to extract resources from Africans by any means possible, even if that would lead to the instability in and destruction of the content political, economic, and social institutions up to the present time. The most crucial economic legacy that colonialism left on Africa’s economy was the integration of the African economy into the world economic system. n the Conference of Berlin in 1884-85, europians established the rules by which Africa wo uld be involed in the world economy ,these rules forced africa to produce raw materials and agricultural goods to meet the needs of Europes industries and consumers. what resulted is that traditional agricultural economies were forced to specialize in cash crops meant for export. This transformation led to dependence on foreign distribution and consumption. So there system brought all the economic benefit to the Europeans at the expense of their colonies by making them dependent on the europian seystem. Presedent Munro, for example, argues that integration into the international economy was the key factor that exacerbated colonial dependencies; He said â€Å"Being unprepared to compete in the global market, the integration of these new states into the world economy merely deepened their colonial dependency† This impact of colonialism effected both the internal and external causes of underdevelopment in africa today . Internally, the political and economic structures of the colonial state were bult to meet the needs of the europians ,which left africans with no abilitilty to develop after the fall of the british empire empires. And Externally, colonialism created dependencies that african states faced after the fall of formal colonial control, I say formal colonial control because many say that africa now is living in a stage of neo-clonolism since their substanstilly depend till now on many europians countries. So, if we take a step back and take a look at africa we see that all components of modern social and economic life in Africa are a direct or indirect result of colonialsm Its very important to maention that a lot of African countrys economies depend fully on one single export. The integration of the these economies to the world market made these countries fully dependent on the world price of its single export. Abid Rashed in his essay â€Å"The Enduring Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism on Africa â€Å" said â€Å"if the world supply of copper were to double because of new deposits in Brazil or Chile; the boom in Katanga and Zambia would quickly come to an end. Similarly, the prosperity or poverty of Ghanaian farmers depended directly on the price of cocoa on the world market†. And also, many of the African countries produce the same export, escpicially in the agricultural countries in east Africa and West Africa, so colonialsm forced them into an economic system that is based on competition while they don’t have the ability to compete with each other. Africa, as a result of all that, became so weak to the ups and downs of the world market Also, colonialism made African economies end their reliance on local manufacturing in . Most manufactures currnely are controlled by multinational corporations, and a lot of African countries are welcoming these corporations more and more because they want to get a share of the outsourcing that these corporation are involved in, in places like India and China, to manufacture their goods cheaply. The involment of multinational corporations in Africa might bring some money and revive the economy to a certain extent, but it also increases africa’s dependency on these these corporations and their producat. These corporations are creating the era of Europeans neo-colonialism in Africa . to the present day, most African countries get their goods from the europians that colonised thri country in the past and rely on these goods to continue surviving ; which make you think that nothing peobably changed except that the direct control of europians and the physical presence of their people Colonialism made Africa get trapped in a system where they will lose all the time , as long as they cant manufactoer their goods locally without depending on the Europeans. It would be very difficult to get out from the world economy because of there dependence on imports from europians (cars, machines, food) this reliance fro survival was unheard of in pre-colonial Africa. Famines, for example did not exist in pre-colonial Afrca, which gives you a sensed of the huge negative impact that the europians had. ). The importation of cars, machines, food- which was unheard of in pre-colonial Africa is needed for daily survival. There were no famines in Africa prior to colonialism Also, the ways in which the domestic economies of African states are structured is also shows effect of colonialism on Africa For example, colonialism extended commerce and the money economy into the interior of Africa. This process led to the creation a common currency which limited barter exchange â€Å"To trade goods or services without the exchange of money†, which are some of the basic components of pre-colonial African economies. 5- In addition, the commercialization of land, labour and produce o attached money to activities that had been for social use before. In pre-colonial Africa peasants and farmers would produce for there own use and maybe a little to trade for some goods but farming was for subsistence, there was no conception of production for the global market. No one owned the land in pre-colonial Africa; farmers had use rights over the land but could not sell the land One important economic benefit was the provision of infrastructure of roads, railways, harbours and ports, the telegraph and telephone. The basic infrastructure of every modern African state was completed during its colonial period. Politics Pre-colonial Africa had a large number of independent states. Some of these states were large and powerful; others were small land weaken. When the Europeans finished drawing their lines of partition, these states had been condensed into about 50 pieces of territory. This (scramble) that happened at the Berlin conference was drawn without any attention or care or consideration of the ethno cultural, geographical and ecological realities of Africa. Africa had different ethnic groups (tribes) with different historical traditions, cultures and speaking different languages. This destroyed the political development of these social groups; furthermore, ethnic groups were split into fragments in different countries for example the Ewes ere divided by the boundary between Ghana and Togo while akan are found in the ivory coast and in Ghana. The Senufo now live in Mali, the Ivory Coast and in Burkina Faso. This explains the border disputes between Burkina Faso and Mali ect. Nigeria under colonial rule brought more than a hundred ethnic groups into the colonial sphere. This colonial sphere included the theocracies of Northern Nigeria, the Chiefdoms of the Yoruba, Edo, and Itskiri, in the South, and the Ibo and Ibibio, in the East The scramble also led to the uneven sizes of and unequal distribution of natural resources in African states. Some got a lot of benefit like Nigeria with an approximated area of 357,000 square miles, while Gambia with an approximated area of 4000 square miles. Some states have few boarders e. . Gambia with one boarder whiles others had many boarders e. g. Mali with seven boarders. This makes it difficult to check the problems of security and smuggling. All this clearly would lead to many problems. Ethnic problems, economic problems, and corruption â€Å"We must remember that the European agreements that had carved up Africa into states paid little attention to cultural and ethnic boundaries and ethnic groups had little opportun ity or need to form political alliances or accommodations under repressive colonial rule. Think of countries such as Canada, which has been trying for hundreds of years with mixed success to accommodate only two linguistic groups - English and French - and you get an idea of the problems of African states with far greater cultural and linguistic divisions. † Africa certainly has more than 2 languages and more than few ethnic groups Also, to understand the political legacy we need to understand that many European countries like the British did not have any goals of assimilating Africans to thrir culture or giving them citzinship. It was a purely economic plan focused on maintaining stability and getting money and resources out of africa . To do that the brits divided colonies along social, cultural, or ethnic lines and maintained control by playing these groups against each other. With this system , the need for direct government intervention from the British government was less common. This worked well for the British government, in that it was cheaper to put select locals in charge rather than import European bureaucrats. And it also prevented any effective challenges to the colonial power To better understand the affect of that scarmbel on africa Consider the extent to which the Second World War of just 6 years duration has effected the developed world for 2 generations. Africa had 4 centuries of colonialism. When you get that you might be able to imagine how that might have affected the entire social, cultural, political, and economic structure of an undeveloped continent. In some parts of Africa, colonial administration had almost erased cultures and community with an â€Å"education† and â€Å"civilizing† program that gave Africans only a minimal skill set that served European colonial interests. Europeans started customary laws; notice the word customary laws to link it with tradition but it was all a new invention; Europeans started costmary land-rights, customary political structure. Like every Europeans belongs to a nation, every African belong to a tripe, the restructuring of these tribes imposed new political geography, which created social higherarchy which enabled ambitious individuals and groups to achieve positions of status, dominance, and wealth that might otherwise have been unattainable. To counter all that tribalism, some leader started a single party system, but without any decisions or moral check made by shared community (like it used to be in pre-colonial Africa) it turned out to be just another tool of oppression. If we look at African leaders we see that Of the 107 African leaders overthrown between 1960 and 2003 two-thirds were murdered, jailed or slung into exile. Up until 1979 59 African leaders were toppled or assassinated. Only three retired peacefully and not one was voted out of office. No incumbent African leader ever lost an election until 1982.

What to Do If You Know Someone Is Cheating in College

What to Do If You Know Someone Is Cheating in College Its inevitable that  no matter where you go to college there is undoubtedly someone cheating at your school. It could be a total shock when you find out or it could be absolutely no surprise at all. But what are your options and obligations if you learn that someone is cheating in college? Deciding what to do (or, as the case may be, what not to do) can take a lot of serious time and reflection or it might be a snap decision made easy by the situations circumstances. Either way, make sure youve considered the following when faced with a friend or fellow students cheating behavior. Your Obligations Under Your Schools Code of Conduct You might be a pretty conservative student who has never given your schools code of conduct or student handbook a second glance. At some institutions, however, you may be required to report when you know another student is cheating in college. If thats the case, then your decision to notify a professor, academic advisor or staff member (like the Dean of Students) about the cheating takes on a different tone. Are you willing to sacrifice your own success at your school because of someone elses poor choices? Or are you under no institutional obligation to let someone know about cheating you suspect or witnessed? Your Personal Feelings on the Subject Some students might be completely intolerant of others cheating; some might not care one way or the other. Regardless, theres really no right way to feel about cheating its just what feels right for you. Are you okay letting it slide? Or will it bother you on a personal level not to report it? Will it upset you more to report the cheating or not to report the cheating? How will it change your relationship with the person you suspect of cheating? Your Comfort Level With Reporting the Situation (or Not) Think, too, about how you would feel if you left the cheating and cheater alone. How does this compare with how you would feel if you  turned your friend or classmate in? Try to walk yourself through the rest of the semester. How would you feel if you never reported the cheating and watched this student sail through the rest of the term? How would you feel if you did report the cheating and then had to deal with being interviewed by staff or faculty? How would you feel if you confronted the cheater directly? Theres already some conflict between you and the cheater, even if its unspoken at this point. The question then becomes how you feel about addressing that conflict and with the consequences of doing so (or not!). The Impact of Reporting or Not Reporting If youre sharing a class with the suspected cheater and everyone is graded on a curve, your own academic performance and college success will be directly affected by this students dishonest actions. In other situations, however, you might not be affected at all. At some level, however, everyone will be affected, since a cheating student is gaining an unfair advantage over his or her fellow (and honest) students. How does the cheating have an impact on you on a personal, academic, and institutional level? Who You Can Talk to for More Advice or to File a Complaint If youre not sure what to do, you can always talk to someone anonymously or not reveal the name of your friend/classmate. You can find out what your options are for filing a complaint, what the process would be like, if your name would be given to the person who you suspect is cheating and any other consequences that might occur. This kind of information might actually encourage you to report cheating in college to a professor or administrator, so take advantage of the opportunity to have all your questions answered before making a decision one way or another. After all, if youre faced with the awkward situation of having someone you know engage in cheating behavior, you have the power to decide how best to resolve the situation in a way that makes you feel most comfortable.

Painting and sculpture gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Painting and sculpture gallery - Essay Example The extent of the material elasticity greatly determines its stability under such a load. Continuous increase in the load applied to a structural element lead to an increased deformation. There is a limit reached where the material loses it elastic nature. This limit is refereed to as the elastic limit. Further stretching of the structural member beyond this limit results to permanent deformation of the material. Beyond the point of elasticity, hooks law ceases to apply, the material behaves in a plastic manner, plastic material do not return to their original shape after the load has been removed. At yield point the material may collapse. It is upon the structural engineer to perform comprehensive calculation of the loads applied to a building and come up with a suitable structure to resist the calculated load. There are two types of loads. There is the live and dead load. Structural elements are also subjected to compressive loads. This causes a decrease in the original size of these elements and a consequent increase in the cross-sectional area of the element. A compressive force in a building affects structural elements such as columns, struts and beams. Excessive compressive forces results to the buckling of these structural materials. The designer must calculate these compressive load and select materials that can withstand buckling.Creep is another structural effect that affects materials used in building and construction; udder creep the material is slowly and progressively deformed. This mainly occurs when structural members are subjected to high temperatures, continuous vibration from heavy machines and repeated cyclic stress. Creep leads to the gradual sagging of ties and beams and the loosening of bolts use... Tension, which is the degree of material deformation due to the material being subjected to a pulling force results changes in shape of the ties that are used during the construction of trusses, the tension should be accurately calculated to ensure that the deformation on the structural members does not exceed the yield point.Structural elements are subjected to compressive loads. This causes a decrease in the original size of these elements and a consequent increase in the cross-sectional area of the element. A compressive force in a building affects structural elements such as columns, struts and beams. Excessive compressive forces results to the buckling of these structural materials. The designer must calculate these compressive load and select materials that can withstand buckling. Creep is another structural effect that affects materials used in building and construction; udder creep the material is slowly and progressively deformed. This mainly occurs when structural members a re subjected to high temperatures, continuous vibration from heavy machines and repeated cyclic stress. Creep leads to the gradual sagging of ties and beams and the loosening of bolts use to join the structural elements. The designer has therefore to take into account such unnoticeable changes that may lead to rapture of the material. Creep lead to material fracture. The progressive fracture of material leads to fatigue and finally the material fails.

The needs of future generations are being met by current policies of Essay - 3

The needs of future generations are being met by current policies of sustainable development. To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example Sustainable development, therefore, is the utilization of resources (especially natural resources) in way that ensures that these resources will not be depleted while serving today’s generation and thus deny the future generations the opportunity to benefit from these resources. A simple example can be the utilization of timber for various uses such as furniture, fuel, paper production among many others; although the current generation should be able to use these resources to provide these essential products for the current generation, they must be considerate of the fact that the forest from which the timber is being harvested is not an infinite resource and can easily be depleted. In such a case, those who exploit these resources must have a strategy to protect the forest by for instance coming up with alternatives for providing the products that would otherwise be harvested from timber, or by renewing the forest by planting new trees (Jackson, 2011). It is not all sustainab le development plans that translate into positive results. Due to how important sustainable development is, it is necessary to identify whether the current sustainable development strategies are going to translate into positive outcomes for future generations. Sustainable development is important because it takes care of the future. Current human generations have a responsibility to the future generation to preserve the available resources so that the future generation can also survive in the planet. Without sustainable development, the current generation would benefit, but at the expense of tomorrow’s generation. Sustainable development is also necessary for the current generation. This is because some of the current resources, if not used well would be depleted even within the lifetime of the current generation. In this regard, although sustainable development has a focus on preserving resources for the future generation, it is at the same time a way to save

Baseball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Baseball - Essay Example This left other teams with no good players which led top poor performances thus loss of fan bases and eventually lack of pulling crowds charisma. Such leagues always folded their teams and left the game as they could not afford to play anymore. As such the good players from these teams were paid to join the winning teams which only increased competition and led to the imbalance. These movements saw a large number of players frequently shift teams. This led to a set of rules to be made by the baseball industry in 1879 to 1888. These rules restricted player movements and even pays thus creating a monopoly in the baseball industry. These monopolistic rules stripped the players of all rights thus the owners thrived in the games at the expense of the players. That is more money was received from ticket sales, which were also, being printed by the owners, while players were viewed as workers who worked for a standard salary. Furthermore, there was no work security as players were sacked frequently with little or no explanations. This situation angered the players and even the fans. A player named Cartwright formed the first player’s league in 1890. This meant that players who felt that the monopolistic rules were hurting them could join. Many joined the player’s league, and they drew in large crowds even when they were losing. This laxity of rules saw players move teams whenever they liked, and this caused a massive problem. This is because revolving of players hurt the fan base loyalty and game attendance. Furthermore, exemplary players were given large contracts while rising players were paid less. Owners of the teams lacked control over the players thus set up rules that would ensure standardization and regulation. This saw the league constitution set up in 1876. This constitution led the baseball team a try at organized games. The baseball

Prevent Strategy and Fundamental British Value

Prevent Strategy and Fundamental British Value The direct governmental policy response to terrorist attack, because, most of the terrorist attacks, are believed to have been perpetrated by [G1]Islamist terrorist (fundamentalist), does give the impression that government has a significant Muslim problem in relation to attractions to violent extremism.[G2][G3][G4] The Labour government, in 2003, came up with a strategy to counter terrorism,[G5][G6] with the principal aim of protecting the public, preventing radicalisation, in response to the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.[G7][G8] The strategy also contains measures to prepare for an attack and pursue attackers.[G9] This was before, the coordinated multiple bombing that led to the death of 56 people in London, termed 7/7, because, it happened on the 7th of June 2005, Islamist terrorist were believed to be behind the [G10]attack[so11]. However, after the 7/7 bombing the government launched the specific prevent strategy, schools and educational institution were brought into it, more funding was allocated to it. The duty of preventing violent extremism and a duty of care to students at risk of radicalisation was given to schools. In 2011 Prevent Strategy was transformed with new power and detailed tasks for schools and universities, by the coalition government. Prominence was giving to sa feguarding; schools giving the duty of promoting balanced and wide-ranging curriculum. Part of the changes to the prevent strategy is the power giving to Ofsted to inspect schools and sanction staff with extremist views.[G12][G13][G14][G15] The government issued the revised teachers standard, with the term fundamental British value (FBV), making its debut, in 2012. Clarke believed FBV came about, because of suspected penetration of Birmingham schools by a politicized strain of Sunni Islam. [G16]In 2014, schools received guidance on promoting FBV in conjunction with students, spiritual, social and cultural development. FBV stands for democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty, and mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs.[G17][G18] Education institution, not intelligence gathering organization[G19][G20] Based on the British journal of Education, we should be less rather, worried about the fact that it might be, therapeuticizing of security that is going on. This suggests that various, governmental policies linking security and education are an attempt to appear to the public, as applying the right medi[G21][G22]cine to terrorism and security. The government wants to [G23]be seen to be singing the right song, in the process using educational institution, and the concern is not about the frequent association of security and resulting legislation with education, but r[G24][G25] system as a political tool to pacify the public[G26] (Durodie 2016). [G27][G28] The idea that was put forward through the Prevent agenda [G29]is that the danger the UK is from vulnerable people who may be radicalized (vulnerable to violent extremism), this is yet to be challenged (Richards 2011). The question that arises is, what are the criteria for ascertaining those that are susceptible to violent extremism, as well as why they are prone to it? There is no straight forward answer to this questions. Since, this a difficult question to answer, it is then subject to different interpretation by different people, for instance in January 2016 a [G30]10-year-old Muslim boy was questioned [G31]by the police after misspelling terrace as the terrorist in an essay[G32] (BBC, January 2016). This arises because there is no clear-cut way of determining who is vulnerable to radicalization, hence it was subjective from the school point of view. The question I like to ask, is would this boy had been subjected to this ordeal if he were white, and if he is not a Muslim? The act ion was taken by the school and the police also raise the question of profiling and can lead to the idea that only Muslims are sympathetic towards an extremist idea. Going back to the Irish terrorism, the response from the government was completely different. [G33][G34][G35]This type of policy tends to suggest that, those, who will yield to extremist ideology can be taught out of it, and can never get involve in extremism on their own will. Recent experience completely contradicts this ideology, for example, the person who carried out the attack on the house of common in London on March 22, 2017, acted alone the metropolitan police said, they could not find any evidence that he was radicalized, how was he supposed [G36]to have been educated out of it? Also, can we say all the people who had carried out the terrorist attack are vulnerable people?[G37] The government idea involving schools in the fight against extremism ideology is merely therapeutic at best, based on the evidence ava ilable people who intend to join the course of violent extremist are not always vulnerable, but, are usually driven by a passion of fighting against passive injustice and marginalization.[G38][G39][G40] Prevent strategy does have inadvertent penalties, for instance, [G41]a 15-year-old Hampshire schoolboy was subjected to interview by the anti-terrorist team. His teachers reported him to the police claiming they had safeguarding concerns when it was discovered that he visited an extremist website on his computer. An expert in the unit set up to deter young people from becoming a member of Izal interviewed Joe and his father. It was surprising to find out that, he was not watching beheading video, he had logged on to Ukip home page. But his misguided teacher, probably, he was overzealous or lack adequate training, considered Ukip to be an embodiment of evil. In Joes [G42]words, he had visited the site as well as a film of an English Defence League rally after a debate about extremism in the classroom. The problem with the who process is the fact that both father and son were subjected to terrorist treatment. It is not unconceivable that a program set to prevent radical Islam became th e tool that hounded those who are guiltless (Richard). Making schools and teachers agents of anti-radicalization and extremism is an unsettling issue, teachers and schools already had safeguarding duty, to give them extra power can always lead to misuse of power.[G43] The police also play a pivotal role in executing prevent strategy in schools, this, does appear to damage the confidence of the Muslim communities in police and professionals in the education sector (Awan 2012). In December 2009, local police officers visited a nursery in a mainly populated Muslim area of Birmingham, because, it was thought that the children may be at risk of extremism, as part Local police in Birmingham. This is certainly an unwelcoming development, as far as the community involved are concerned [G44](Casciani 2009). This and other incidents mentioned previously, highlighted, the difficulty and the danger of executing Prevent in schools, because, of the unintended consequence of stigmatizing young children. Schools should be left simply as the institution that makes learning possible, provide education and allows creativity, they should not be turned into a government policing agency, making teachers acting like detectives[G45], monitoring signs of extremism in stud ents. The outcome of a survey carried out by Ipsos MORI shows that some schools are not in agreement Prevent Strategy (Phillips, Tse et al. 2011)[G46] Fundamental British Values (FVB) The (DfE, 2012), does give teachers the directive not to destabilize fundamental British values, the statement is problematic because it originated from counter-terrorism prevent strategy, and leads to the following questions, what is Britishness, value as well as highlighting the relationship between the state and the teaching profession. Including such term in a document that regulates the teaching profession, does, implies that teachers are now detectives, the state political tool [G47]as well the custodial all that is British. This role as well making teachers role more complex, is also a distraction and may have the potential of taking away valuable teaching time. The idea of fundamental British seems wrong as it was introduced without any debate and so was the sinister racializing consequence as identified by teachers. It would have more appropriate to have a professional dialogue with all the stakeholders in the education sector, before coming up with such policy, it might be that the government sees teachers as a political puppet, and as such, they can be ordered and imposed upon[G48][G49][G50]. Smith suggested that the government method is maintaining status quo by blatantly approving equality by an assimilationist program (Smith 2013). This is contrary to the idea of FBV, that is meant to promote democracy and inclusiveness. It is fair to argue that not all the teachers that teach and work in schools are British if the FBV is exclusive to British, how are they supposed to protect a value that is alien to them, that bring back the question of what is Britishness? are fundamentals British values exclusive to the British? Since FBV and prevent strategy were imposed on teachers, it is impossible for, both, to be teachers and in-service to understand the appropriate method to use in promoting such values and be clear about them without appearing to be programming[G51] or encouraging jingoism in schools and classrooms (Eltonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Chalcraft, Lander et al. 2016)[G52][G53][G54][G55] The key drive of DfE direction is to inspire head teachers to enthusiastically encourage British values, British law and reject observance of religious law if it [G56]contradicts the law of the land, on one hand, the government is trying to promote diversity and multicultural Britain, and on the other trying to suppress religious law, which might be fundamental to people religious beliefs, this can cause problem in homes where they hold their religious belief very dearly. It gives the impression of[G57] a totalising discourse of civic [G58]jingoism that presents itself as willing to put up with diversity and plurality.[G59] The modified prevent agenda in 2015, sought to oversee the compliance of the education sector and place the requirement on schools to filter online content as well as put in place policies aimed at preventing a student from being drawn into terrorism. This move is an infringement on an individual [G60][G61]fundamental human right, as it limits the expression of religious views and opinion that may be different what is defined as FBV[G62].[G63] Although the government try to link extremism and enabling student through the medium of education, there is no direct connection (DCSF, 2008), and the use of traditional, political and military method to deal with the Irish terrorism 20 years ago is completely contrary to the method being used, because, the actors are different, the educational institution was not considered to be part of the therapy than.[G64][G65] The introduction of FVB in the new standard does change the way in which teachers competency are measured from using observable parameters to attaching more importance to values, hence, teachers will now be assessed based on the quality their conceptual interaction between student and the school. [G66] Conclusion Theresa May, when she was she was the Home Secretary, did admit that early edition of Prevent policy fell short of identifying threat from extremism; it was not adequate in dealing with extremist ideology that is the biggest challenge the society faces and not measures up to reaching those who might be in danger of radicalization [G67](Gardham 2011), the evidence available is yet to proof otherwise, despite involving education institution in the process of eliminating the risk of radicalization.[G68] References Awan, I. (2012). I Am a Muslim Not an Extremist: How the Prevent Strategy Has Constructed a Suspect Community. Politics policy (Statesboro, Ga.) 40(6): 1158-1185. Casciani, D. (2009). Nursery visited by counterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ terrorism police officer. BBC News 11. Durodie, B. (2016). Securitising education to prevent terrorism or losing direction? British Journal of Educational Studies 64(1): 21-35. Eltonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Chalcraft, S., et al. (2016). To promote, or not to promote fundamental British values? Teachers standards, diversity and teacher education. British Educational Research Journal. Gardham, D. (2011). Universities complacentover Islamic Radicals, Theresa May Warns. The Telegraph. Phillips, C., et al. (2011). Community cohesion and PREVENT: how have schools responded?. Richards, A. (2011). The problem with radicalization: the remit of Preventand the need to refocus on terrorism in the UK. International Affairs 87(1): 143-152. Smith, H. J. (2013). A critique of the teaching standards in England (1984-2012): discourses of equality and maintaining the status quo. Journal of Education Policy 28(4): 427-448. 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College Admissions Essay: Community Leadership :: College Admissions Essays

Community Leadership I had no idea what to expect. The name "Leadership Camp" stuck out like a sore thumb and I was intrigued by something that attempted to deal with an aspect of my personality that people had always told me I possessed. Rob Geis, a close friend of the family, and one of the organizers of the camp, suggested that I join, and I'm very glad I did. I'm afraid that giving an adequate explanation of what Leadership Camp offers is virtually impossible because I believe that every one of the 26 students in my group took something different away from it. I really was, and am, tired of the typical "leader" characterization: executives, dictators, presidents of this-that-and-the-other, bosses, etc. I wanted to see if this group thought outside of the box in that way. I also wanted to calm my tendencies to "take over" things. My goals were to learn to communicate more democratically, to concentrate on being an effective leader without alienating anyone, to seem more like a friend than a dictator, and also to relax my edginess when I am faced with lots of responsibility. I am still a bit ambivalent on how to feel about Leadership Camp. Basically, every day we concentrated on a specific area of leadership and had a speaker come in to lecture. Each speaker brought his or her own style and it was quite interesting to see the more human, fun, enthusiastic sides of these teachers - aspects to which students in their classes may not be accustomed. For my Cummunity Leadership Project, I tossed around many ideas. I finally settled on something that grabbed my heart. I read about a Primate Rescue Center (PRC) in a nearby county. Immediately I phoned them and began volunteering, once a week for 3 hours each time. I was introduced to 11 chimpanzees (Cory, Ike, Pasna, Tina, Jenny, Rodney, Donald, Hazel, Victoria, and Zulu) and close to 40 monkeys including macaques, colobus, siamang gibbons, a baboon, and others. Becky Wagner and Rachel Weiss, the caretakes and workers there, told me that the Good Foods Co-op used to donate produce last year, but then somehow there was a breakdown in communication, and that had since ceased.

How Well Does Parliament Perform Its Various Functions? Essay

How well does Parliament perform its various functions? There are several important functions that Parliament must perform. The word Parliament derived from the Latin ‘parliamentum’ and the French word ‘parler’ which originally meant a talk- which is what Parliament does most of the time. Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarchy. Parliament is the highest judicial, legislative and executive body in Britain. A parliamentary form of government acknowledges that it derives its power directly from the consent of the people. This sort of system ensures democracy and an active interaction between the people and their representatives. The three functions that I am going to focus on are Scrutiny, Representation and Law Making. Scrutiny is carried out in four main ways- Prime Ministers Questions, Select Committees, The Back Benches and The House of Lords. Prime Ministers Questions is a weekly opportunity for backbenchers to scrutinise the Prime Minister. This happens every Wednesday and is an opportunity for the leader of the opposition as well as other MPs to highlight government failings or ask the Prime Minister a question. This is a good way to scrutinise the Prime Minister as it puts them under pressure to justify their actions and normally with potentially no pre-warning of what topics will have to be defended. The element of surprise allows opposition MP’s as well as backbenchers and sometimes members of the cabinet to catch the prime minister out with an awkward question. The relative performance of each of the main party leaders is closely watched and each is under great pressure to get the better of their opponent. The main weakness of this form of scrutiny is that it is often accused of being more like ‘Gardeners’ Question Time’ as many believe the questions are â€Å"planted† and therefore the Prime Minister and Opposition can prepare their answers beforehand. Select Committees in both the House of Commons and the Lords investigate the work of government departments and produce reports of policy proposals. They have the power to call witnesses in the course of their proceedings. Their role is multi-faceted and includes many tasks such as investigating the work of the government departments to determine whether they have acted efficiently and effectively. This is a strong form as scrutiny as it reports back to the public what is happening behind the scenes in the government but the Select Committees lack resources, expertise and power to create damage if the government weren’t doing their job properly. Select Committees have been described as a â€Å"mere irritant†. The government relies on backbenchers in providing services to their constituents and relaying the opinions of their constituents. Although backbenchers do not hold power, a concerted revolt could topple the ruling party through a â€Å"no confidence† vote. An example of a successful rebellion occurred during November 2006 over the Terrorism Act 2006 when a large number of backbenchers voted against the 90-day detention provision of the anti-terror legislation in order to stall the bill. This provided to be the single largest defeat for then Prime Minister Tony Blair since his government. Recently David Cameron faced a threat of a fresh backbench Tory revolt as traditionalists lined up to oppose government plans to legalise gay marriage but many debated that this in fact could not be counted as a rebellion as backbenchers would probably be given a free vote in any vote on legalising gay marriage. This therefore is a strong form of scrutiny as it has been proven extremely powerful and has even overthrown past governments for example Margaret Thatcher and James Callaghan. One of the main issues with scrutiny and backbenchers is that they are often under the control of the Whips (MPs or Lords appointed by each party in Parliament to help organise their party’s contribution to parliamentary business) and one of their main responsibilities is making sure the maximum number of their party members vote the way their party wants. Unless the backbenchers have enough people to rebel they will not succeed and therefore it is not often that a government is defeated, for example Blair’s government was only defeated in the Commons four times over their three terms in power. The House of Lords is the second chamber of the UK Parliament and is independent to the Commons although it complements the work of the Commons. Members of the Lords play a vital role in scrutiny, there are two main reasons for this, the first being that they are independent to the Commons and in many ways have increased power which they often use to stand up to the Commons by blocking reforms. Lords also have a better balance of parties so no government has a majority. The Government however can override Lords by using Parliament Act; this was used when the fox hunting ban was being put through under Blair’s government as there were too many in opposition of the ban in the House of Lords. The Parliament Acts, although rarely used, provide a way of solving disagreement between the Commons and the Lords. The Parliament Act of 1949 also prevents Lords from delaying bills for more than one year. The second function that I’m concentrating on is Representation. In the Commons MPs are elected every five years to represent local constituencies. The link between the House of Commons and the local constituency is very important as it provides information to the government on how the public is responding to their policies and ideas for new laws, reforms and ideas. In recent years there has also been many attempts to make the government more diverse – for example more women and ethnic minorities. This was especially pushed by Tony Blair as it was obvious to him that the UK was far behind the US in being diverse, he started by pushing for there to be more women in government and these became known as â€Å"Blair’s babes†. The Lords are also a large part in representing the ‘national interest’ as they are less party political and many have had long careers in public service, business, arts and culture, or another area of activity. Therefore the members of the House of Lords contribute their expertise and knowledge to Parliament and its work and consequently able to take the bigger picture into account. However there are many downfalls in representation in the government. The most often referred to is how First Past the Post (FPTP) does not produce a very accurate representation in the House of Commons as it produces many ‘wasted votes’. In the Institute for Public Policy Research report, which looks at the ratio of votes to MPs under FPTP for the main parties in the 2010 general election, it was shown that it took 33,468 votes to elect a Labour MP, 35,028 votes to elect a Conservative MP and 119,780 votes to elect a Liberal Democrat MP. This therefore is an interesting piece of evidence showing the unfairness of the FPTP system as it strongly favours some parties over others. However there was a referendum in May 2011 which asked the public whether the Alternative Vote (AV) system should be used for general elections instead of FPTP and more than two thirds of those who voted said to keep the FPTP system- although many of those in opposition to FPTP says this in itself was unfair representation as the turnout was less than 65% of the population. The lack of women in MPs has also been blamed on the FPTP system; there are currently 504 male MPs and 145 female MPs nationwide. Therefore the House of Commons is unrepresentative of the UK as there are roughly 28. 6 million males in the UK and 30. 2 million females. The House of Lords is also seen as unrepresentative as it is unelected and even more out of ratio with the population of the UK as it has many old, socially elite members. Another one of Parliament’s main functions is Law Making is debating and passing statue law. The Government introduces most plans for new laws, with many included in the Queen’s Speech at the opening of each session of Parliament. However new laws can originate from an MP or a Lord. Parliament passes about 100 laws each year and every law goes through several stages and is debated continuously in much detail before being passed. Emergency issues such as the threat of terrorism all contribute to the need for the new laws. Before draft laws, known as bills are introduced to Parliament there is often consultation or discussion with Standing Committees and as these consist of MPs from every party they guarantee that every view point is reflected in discussion. The House of Lords main role when it comes to the function of Law Making is to amend bills or make suggestions of improvements. The Lords also have the power to reject bills that appear unworkable or undesirable (for example the fox hunting bill and identification cards bill). The governments’ majority always ensures that its proposals are passed as they have ‘elective dictatorship’ and can also use Parliamentary Acts to override the House of Lords. Also the House of Lords is also limited to only one year of delaying bills and therefore the government can pass new laws fairly easily after one year. Standing Committees also generally reflect the composition of the House of Commons and therefore the party in government will always have a higher majority. Government often imposes time limits on Standing Committees discussions. In my opinion Parliament performs its various functions- scrutiny, representation and legislation (law making)- well. Although there are many weaknesses to each function it would be extremely hard to remove these weaknesses without making the executive separate like they have in the United States.

Free Essays on Smoking

Here’s a problem. January 1st marked the start of the Nova Scotia version of the popular smoking ban. It is now illegal to smoke in any public place before 9:00 p.m. Restaurants and bars are responsible for policing the law: they must build enclosed smoking rooms, or ban evening smoking altogether. This is being done for the sole purpose of protecting the helpless serving staff, who are indentured to their employers, and are powerless to control the conditions of their employment. The government must act to protect them from the effects of second hand smoke, a known carcinogen. For their part, the serving staff are also generally against the smoking ban, because they fear for the viability of their places of work, and the potential drop in tipping customers. Restaurant and bar owners are up in arms, citing the potential loss of business, or the expense of adding dedicated smoking rooms, usually estimated to be between $10-25 large. The forecast is for most places to go the non-smoking route. (I say forecast because the city hasn’t started enforcing the law yet. There’s a grace period of a few months first. Also, the opposition Liberal party of Nova Scotia is vowing to ban smoking altogether if they win the next provincial election. Given the uncertainty, some restauranteurs don’t know whether to shit or wind their watches.) Given the uncertainty, some restauranteurs don’t know whether to shit or wind their watches. On the surface, this appears a reasonable compromise. Hard drinking, social smokers can puff away well into the morning, staff pursuing big tips can choose to serve them, employees preferring a smoke-free environment can work the day shift, and moderate non-smokers can stop in at the tavern on a Tuesday afternoon and come out smelling of only hops and barley. Sounds reasonable. I’m totally for it. And that’s the problem. I can’t reconcile the positive benefits I look to enjoy with the interventionist... Free Essays on Smoking Free Essays on Smoking Le tabagisme est tr ¨Ã‚ ¥s mauvaise pour la sant ¨Ã‚ ¥ mais beaucoup de gens choissisent  ¨Ã‚ ¤ fumer. Pourquoi commencent  ¨C t ¡Ã‚ ¯ils? Normalement les enfants sont influ ¨Ã‚ ¥ par les adultes qui fument et commencent parce-qu ¡Ã‚ ¯ils pensent que c ¡Ã‚ ¯est plus adulte, car cela a une image  ¡Ã‚ ®cool ¡Ã‚ ¯, parce-qu ¡Ã‚ ¯ils s ¡Ã‚ ¯enuient, pour faire comme les autres, parce-que c ¡Ã‚ ¯est interdit, et  ¨Ã‚ ¤ garder la ligne. Un autre raison aussi est que ils pensent que l ¡Ã‚ ¯aide dans la vie car les cigarettes tranquille les nerves. Mais je crois il y a autres m ¨Ã‚ ¥thodes pour faire relachement, par exemple  ¨Ã‚ ¥couter la musique tranquille. Methodes que ne cause pas de nombreux cancer, par example le cancer des poumons ou la cancer de la gorge! Les cigarettes coutent cheret laisse un odeur tr ¨Ã‚ ¥s mauvaise sur le fumeur. Il y a beaucoup de raisson contre le tabagisme, alors pourquoi est il y a beaucoup de fumeurs? La plupart d ¡Ã‚ ¯eux savent les risques de fumer mais quand meme encore  ¨Ã‚ ¤ fumer car ils sont accro. C ¡Ã‚ ¯est la nicotine dans la cigarette que rend accro. Mais c ¡Ã‚ ¯est possible  ¨Ã‚ ¤ arreter de fumer avec beaucoup de volont ¨Ã‚ ¥ at aussi Il y a methods medicales. Par contre je pense-que fumer est un choix individual, c ¡Ã‚ ¯est leur vie, mais les fumeurs doivent respecter les non-fumeurs car ils polluer l ¡Ã‚ ¯air quand ils fument. Il y a une loi anti-tabac que  ¨Ã‚ ¥t ¨Ã‚ ¥ cr ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¥e pour proteger les droit des nonfumeurs et aussi pour reduir la consommation de cigarettes dans les lieux publics. Ce disons que il est interdit en France de fumer dans les lieux publics et pour les restaurants et cetera ils doient avoir des espaces  ¡Ã‚ ®fumeurs ¡Ã‚ ¯ et  ¡Ã‚ ®non-fumeurs ¡Ã‚ ¯. Elle permet aux non-fumeurs d ¡Ã‚ ¯avoir le droit l ¨Ã‚ ¥gal de repirer de l ¡Ã‚ ¯air pur, mais c ¡Ã‚ ¯est tres difficile  ¨Ã‚ ¤ reguler.... Free Essays on Smoking In reading the articles, â€Å"Make fast food smoke free† from USA Today and â€Å"Don’t overact to smoke† by Brennan M. Dawson I realized that both articles were making arguments about the same subject, â€Å"smoking in fast food restaurants†, but the USA Today article argued that smoking should not be allowed what so ever in these public restaurants and Dawson’s article argued that the cigarette smoke in the smoking sections of these restaurants do not cause harm to individual and therefore should be allowed. The USA Today article was clearly a stronger argument than Dawson’s article. The conclusion of the USA Today newspaper article was â€Å"Other restaurants, and not just the fast food places, should fall in line with barring smoking†. The writer of this article gave several different strong reasons for why smoking should be banned from the restaurants. First being that a quarter of the customers and forty percent of the employees are under the age of 18. Also second hand smoke is a carcinogen and it is blamed for killing and estimated 44,ooo people a year. Third, He stated that the the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that second hand smoke causes up to 1 million asthma attacks and 300,000 respiratory infections that lead to 15,000 hospitalizations among children every year. The writer of the article also supports his conclusion by stating that all restaurants should protect their workers and customers and that if they don’t government should step in. In Dawson’s â€Å"Don’t overreact to smoke† article his argument made sense to me but not strongly supported. His conclusion is that â€Å"with non-smoking sections available and visits brief, there shouldn’t be any problem with allowing the smoking sections affecting other patron’s health. This conclusion has absolutely no support in the article. He states that â€Å"Anyone knowledgeable† would tell you that a whiff of the smoke is not likely to drift to th... Free Essays on Smoking Here’s a problem. January 1st marked the start of the Nova Scotia version of the popular smoking ban. It is now illegal to smoke in any public place before 9:00 p.m. Restaurants and bars are responsible for policing the law: they must build enclosed smoking rooms, or ban evening smoking altogether. This is being done for the sole purpose of protecting the helpless serving staff, who are indentured to their employers, and are powerless to control the conditions of their employment. The government must act to protect them from the effects of second hand smoke, a known carcinogen. For their part, the serving staff are also generally against the smoking ban, because they fear for the viability of their places of work, and the potential drop in tipping customers. Restaurant and bar owners are up in arms, citing the potential loss of business, or the expense of adding dedicated smoking rooms, usually estimated to be between $10-25 large. The forecast is for most places to go the non-smoking route. (I say forecast because the city hasn’t started enforcing the law yet. There’s a grace period of a few months first. Also, the opposition Liberal party of Nova Scotia is vowing to ban smoking altogether if they win the next provincial election. Given the uncertainty, some restauranteurs don’t know whether to shit or wind their watches.) Given the uncertainty, some restauranteurs don’t know whether to shit or wind their watches. On the surface, this appears a reasonable compromise. Hard drinking, social smokers can puff away well into the morning, staff pursuing big tips can choose to serve them, employees preferring a smoke-free environment can work the day shift, and moderate non-smokers can stop in at the tavern on a Tuesday afternoon and come out smelling of only hops and barley. Sounds reasonable. I’m totally for it. And that’s the problem. I can’t reconcile the positive benefits I look to enjoy with the interventionist... Free Essays on Smoking Smoking People who smoke are risking many different types off ill diseases. Many people who smoke don’t know the effects that they are causing to their body. Smoking is a disgusting habit, and people need to stop. I am going to show you why people in general need to stop smoking cigarettes. First of all, smoking pollutes the air around you. This makes it a very uncomfortable atmosphere for the non-smokers around. I know this from personal experience. Pretty much all my friends smoke. I do not smoke, but I take in so much second hand smoke that my lungs are just as bad as a smokers. Clearly, smoking is a very disgusting habit. After one has been smoking for a few years, his/her teeth start to turn yellow, skin begins to tarnish, and appearance begins to look worse. For example, my girlfriend smokes cigarettes and after she smokes she will always go to kiss me just to make me mad because her mouth tastes like and ashtray. It is so nasty. Next, smoking causes many diseases. Lung cancer, cancer of the larynx, cancer of the mouth, esophagus, and pancreas are just a few of the many different cancers that smoking causes. These days, many young people start smoking very early in their life. Mostly because they think that they look cool doing it in front of other people. This will soon lead to addiction. Once they are addicted they will gradually damage their body throughout their lives. Smoking hurts young people’s ability to perform physical activities. The resting heart rates of young adult smokers are two to three beats per minute faster than nonsmokers. This means that a smoker’s heart is working twice as hard as a nonsmoker. Just think how much longer you will live, if you don’t smoke. My mother is a smoker. She has been smoking for over 20 years now. I asked her why she doesn’t try to quit. She told me that she is addicted and it would be too hard to even try to quit. She said that is ...

Legalization of Drugs essays

Legalization of Drugs essays "There is much hysteria about drugs and drug use in this country and much misinformation. It is time we got rid of both, put drugs and drug abuse in their proper perspective and go on with our lives." Richard Lawrence Miller, The case for Legalizing Drugs. I couldn't agree more with historian and author Richard Lawrence. However, in order for us, citizens, to understand our nations drug war, in particular legalization of marijuana, we need to understand the facts known by researchers yet ignored by our government. "The first modern marijuana experiments" performed by Andrew Weil proved that marijuana users "psychological" reactions are created entirely by set and setting rather than by pharmacological action. In other words, depending where the user is at is how he'll react; the drug itself has nothing to do with how the user reacts to it. Basically, the user will full sensations, but wont know how to use them. Therefore, it they will mimic or act like someone else taking the drug at the time! Furthermore, marijuana users across our country use it for many purposes-to relax, concentrate, stimulate, inspire-basically producing whatever affects the user wants at the time. Furthermore, if the user, not the drug, wants to produce "violent stimulation" those user "wanting such effects may feel them"; which may explain "redefer madness" in the 1930s. Hey, 30 years later users wanted it for relaxing and mellowness purposes and they got it! So you can clearly see anyone who blames psychological and violent threats on marijuana are absolutely wrong; blame the person note the drug! Also, marijuana's safety can be measured by its "therapeutic ratio", "the difference between the size of dose needed for the desired effect and the size that produces poisoning." And you know guys; marijuana is so safe that the therapeutic ration hasn't even been found, although "it has been estimated in the 1,0 ...

Derivatives Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Derivatives - Literature review Example AP, (2011), derivative transactions entail a number of financial contracts such as forwards, collars, futures, floors, caps, options, swaps, deposits, and structured debt obligations. With reference to the writings by Durbin (2011), the origin of derivates is traced back to the 18th century whereby the earliest form of derivatives known as rice futures were been traded on the Dojima Rice Exchange. In the studies conducted by Hull (2009), he stated that derivatives are essentially contracts between two parties who have agreed on certain conditions under which financial transactions are to be settled and he further added that the most commonly used underlying assets in derivative transactions include currencies, interest rates, stocks, bonds, and commodities. Derivative contracts are categorized into two groups that comprise of the exchange-traded derivatives, which are derivatives that are transacted in a specialized derivatives exchange. The second group of derivatives is the private ly traded derivatives that are traded over-the-counter and therefore, the transactions are not undertaken with the assistance or expertise of an intermediary or the exchange platform (Institute for Financial Markets, 2011). An example of the privately traded derivates is the swaps. Additionally, derivatives are categorized as either option products or lock products; Shirreff (2004) stated that option products give buyers certain rights but they are not under any obligation to agree to the contract under the terms stipulated, an example of an option product is interest rates caps. While lock products underpin the parties in the contract to the terms stipulated until the expiry of the contract, examples of lock products include forwards, futures, swaps. It is of essence to note that the... This paper stresses that derivative contracts are categorized into two groups that comprise of the exchange-traded derivatives, which are derivatives that are transacted in a specialized derivatives exchange. The second group of derivatives is the privately traded derivatives that are traded over-the-counter and therefore, the transactions are not undertaken with the assistance or expertise of an intermediary or the exchange platform This essay declares that derivatives are categorized as either option products or lock products; Shirreff stated that option products give buyers certain rights but they are not under any obligation to agree to the contract under the terms stipulated, an example of an option product is interest rates caps. While lock products underpin the parties in the contract to the terms stipulated until the expiry of the contract, examples of lock products include forwards, futures, swaps. It is of essence to note that the classification of derivates is mainly based on four main factors that include the type of underlying assets entwined with the derivate, the relationship between the derivative and the underlying asset, the market that the derivative transaction will take place, and the returns they offer. The parties involved in the over-the-counter derivative transactions include hedge funds and banks, and this market is the largest in the overall derivatives. Because of the fact that transac tions are performed on private level it means that there is minimal disclosure of information to the public concerning the market and for this reason it remain less regulated.

Allstate Insurance Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allstate Insurance Company - Essay Example At the time, the initial public offering of Allstate was the largest in U.S. history. On June 30, 1995, it became a totally independent company after Sears divested its remaining shares to Sears stockholders. For more than 75 years, Allstate leaders, employees and agency owners have been passionate about leading positive change in this country. Serving as a consumer advocate - and an advocate for the American economy - is an integral part of Allstate's heritage. In the 1930s, Allstate was one of the first companies to create a sophisticated rate classification system, giving better rates to safe drivers; in the 1950s Allstate opened its first drive-in claim office, revolutionizing the way automobile claims are handled; in the 1960s the company helped convince the government to make seat belt use mandatory; in the 1970s and 1980s Allstate played an instrumental role in advocating the safety benefits of air bags; and in the 1990s and 2000s Allstate has continued to take a public stand on issues that are important to consumers. In 2007, Allstate reported $17.7 billion in total property-liability insurance claims and claims expense. The Allstate Foundation donated nearly $20.1 million to nonprofit organizations including $400,000 in scholarships. The Allstate Corporation, its employees and agents donated nearly $6.1 million through the Giving Campaign to nonprofit organizations.